The Media Ecosystem and Foreign information manipulation and interference in North Macedonia

Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) is a complex systemic risk to democratic societies that is particularly manifested and amplified through the media. FIMI operates through the coordinated activities of foreign state and non-state actors, their proxies and coordinated channels, which, among other things, exploit the economic, institutional and digital vulnerabilities of the media to influence public debate, trust in institutions and democratic processes.The analysis shows that in the national context, FIMI is not regulated as a separate and integrated area, and its relevant aspects are dispersed across media and electoral legislation, digital regulation, cyber and national security frameworks, and educational policies.